Hoague

=NUTRITIONAL DECLINE IN AMERICA=

Since it's beginning, America has been one of the more well-fed and, in overall, well-off countries. In general, there haven’t been too many periods of time where individuals living here have had to scrape by for food. Our love of food has become more apparent over the years. With our prosperity as a country, Americans have started to have more fun with food. Not to mention the chemically-created ingredients, now in so much of our diet. Our love of technology has had numerous negative effects on the whole population, and will most likely play a significant role in our country's decline. Not only children, but adults as well, used to be more active in their daily lives. In present day America, one needs not look far to see the effects of poor nutrition on our country. The obesity rates across the board are higher now than they were even a decade ago, and the amount of heart disease and health risks related to weight are only rising. As a country, we’ve become unhealthy, lazy, and quite frankly, we've fallen behind. As a country we need to step up, not only by bettering our fitness, but by overcoming our laziness. Other countries are passing us up in all categories.

**1930s**
The 1930s were a more simple time, not only nutritionally speaking. Overall, there was less stress involved in day-to-day life and more activities that were done outside. The average meal had more preparation time required than they do now. Breakfasts included boiled eggs, bacon, muffins and butter, and coffee or milk [1]. Lunches consisted of portions of meat, fruit, vegetables, and breads; steamed brown bread and butter, canned peaches, tea, chicken or veal soup, or dumplings [1]. Dinners were generally a ‘heavier’ meal. You wouldn’t go out and jump around after eating, usually. An example of a dinner menu is as follows; Meat loaf, stewed tomatoes, baked potatoes, bread and butter, lettuce, celery and grape salad, gingerbread with whipped cream, and perhaps black coffee[1]. The portions of the meals in the ‘30s were much closer to what people should be eating.

The average weight of a boy, aged 6-7, in 1935 was roughly 46 pounds and 45 pounds for girls. For boys aged 7-8, the average was roughly 51 pounds and 49 pounds for girls [2].

In the public school systems, this was a great time as far as physical education went. There were an abundance of jobs that related to health and fitness within the school system. Physical education had finally become firmly planted in the education category and not the health category. Legislature was passed ruling Phys. Ed. and health instruction mandatory in schools, and the general view was that physical education was an important part of the school curriculum [8]. Thomas D. Wood and Rosalind Cassidy had described the new physical education as a way to adequately allow the children a way to expend their “wholesome, natural instincts and impulses of children and youth,” [4] showing that the very beginnings of the physical education in schools was not for the purpose of fitness. In the 1930s, through the 1960s, the method for quality control of physical education courses would be the LaPorte Score Card. The LaPorte Score Card assessed and evaluated not only the curriculum, but the facilities and faculty [5].

Generally speaking, the 1930s were the very start of the technological wave. Usually, in a household, if you had technology, it was in the form of appliances. The wringer washer had just come out, to make laundry less labor-intensive. Many homes had electric toasters and refrigerators. With the invention and distribution of refrigerators, it was now easier to store food for longer periods of time. Meaning, meat was more available to people because they could actually store it for a while.

1940s
In the1940s, President Roosevelt created the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) after scientists discovered many of the necessary dietary essentials. Based on their findings, recommended daily allowances were published detailing what vitamins, minerals, and calories were necessary and what were considered excess. With the advent of the recommended daily allowances, or RDAs, food producers began to include labels with nutritional information displayed. The School Lunch Act of 1946 ensured that the strikingly high number of undernourished children received the essentials suggested by the RDAs. However, the healthiness of the lunches was brought into question in later years and paved the way to America's indifference to high-calorie meals as well as the lack of concern of the later discovery of cholesterol's existence and adverse side effects. Believing the RDA was a guideline to dictate what was healthy and eating more must be even better, Americans saw an opportunity in the post-war boom to indulge in the aftermath of a society whose meals were rationed to feed an oversea army.

The post-war boom brought on more money to spend in the pockets of Americans, and spend it they did. Luxury items that were once for the exclusively wealthy could now be in the hands of John Q. Public, bringing convenience on one hand, and a sedentary lifestyle that showed no sign of relenting. The extra money also meant more money for food, and with the introduction of processed foods like Kraft singles in 1949, and this meant a whole slew of fatty foods was being incorporated into the diet of typical American. Cars were becoming more and more affordable with the swollen cash flow, ushering in an era of an ease of transport. Motorized vehicles eliminated the need more the masses to walk from place to place when an automobile could take them to their destination easier, faster, and best of all, more effortlessly.

1950s
The average meal hadn’t changed much since the last decade, each meal was usually well-rounded with some sort of meat, vegetable, and dairy product. An example of a typical breakfast looked something like sliced peaches, omelet or scrambled eggs, and drop biscuits with marmalade. Lunch was no longer the bigger meal of the day, consisting of some sort of sandwich, a salad, and fruit or vegetables. Dinner had become the main meal, with the most side dishes and extras. A dinner could be Meat balls with spaghetti, green peas, sliced oranges, and peanut-butter cookies for dessert.[6] The portions of the meals in the ‘50s were much closer to what people should be eating.

While 33 percent of adults are overweight and 9.7 percent are obese, the Hollywood 'perfect woman' ideal was embodied by none other than Marilyn Monroe. Standing tall at 5'5" and weighing in at roughly 115 to 120 lbs, she was the beauty icon of an era. [12]

In the 1950s, the first national effort to encourage young Americans to be physically active was put in motion by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [7] After realizing that American school children, fitness-wise, were significantly behind their European counterparts in 1953, thanks to the Kraus-Weber study, the focus in gym classes shifted from games and sports to fitness and physical conditioning. [8][9] In 1955, Cowell and Hazelton had described the situation of physical education in the curriculum as viewed as simply "a “dangling appurtenance” to the academic structure, instead of an integral part of it." [10] The physical education courses were simply stuck in, while the Mathematics courses and English courses were carefully scheduled in to their day. The focus on Physical Education as a way to keep fit had started to take hold, though not everyone agreed with the emphasis that should be placed on physical activities in schools. In response to the Kraus-Weber study, right near the end of the decade, in 1959, the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (AAHPER, 'Dance' was added after 1979) put in motion "Operation Fitness" to try and support and promote physical fitness. The alliance also developed a National Youth Fitness Test along with a manual that provided national norms. [15]

On the first of July, 1956, a man by the name of Denham Harman had proposed the Free Radical Theory of Aging (FRTA). This theory, with the concept that free radicals were involved with the deterioration of the human body, was huge. Diseases that were once thought to be the product of germs in the system now have a more plausible causation. A few thought to have FRTA involvement are cancer, heart disease, arthritis and maybe even as many as eighty diseases. Harman hadn't always been fascinated with the aging process, though he had the ideal background for working on the aging theory. He had just finished a course in biology at Stanford, a rotating internship with Stanford Service at the San Francisco City and County Hospital, and over fifteen years of almost continuous work in a lab for Shell Oil Company. It wasn't until December, 1945, when he had read an article written by William Laurence, titled "Tomorrow you may be younger," concerning Dr. Alexander Bogomolets paper and research on an "antireticular-cytoxic serum." Reading this, Harman's interest had piqued, and during his free time at his new job, he often worked on a theory. In 1954, he had an idea hit him out of the blue, the effects of free radicals. His paper was published in the Journal of Gerontology in 1956 after being sent in to a couple different publishers and being turned down. [11]

The roles of vitamins and minerals were just being discovered and being linked to fitness and health during the '50s. Individuals started understanding their diets and what was in what they ate.

1960s
The '60s ushered in a new era of food exploration, with suburban family barbeques and dinner parties becoming the 'norm,' there were tons of opportunities to create and have fun with recipes. Something new with the era were 'theme parties.' These sort of parties opened up the categories of 'exotic' food, and encouraged people to try new things. In every day cuisine, with the famous 'space age drink' (Tang), there were more and more sugary and fatty foods marketed and advertised with young children in mind. More and more food items were being fried in some way, meats were no longer a once a week deal for the average folk. Domino's Pizza and Taco Bell made their debut in the sixties, helping the fast food industry along. With the introduction of Mrs. Butterworth's Syrup, Lucky Charms, and Apple Jacks, breakfast is starting to make the descent into the pool of sugary children's cereals we know now. Breakfast is becoming less and less healthy for the majority of the population. Dessert no longer consists mainly of fruits, oh no, Cool Whip has made our pies and ice cream even less healthy. The main courses contained meat and vegetables, usually. [13]

In 1962, the average man, aged 20-74, weighed around 166 lbs and the women of that age bracket, 140 lbs. Children of 10 years, on average, weighed somewhere in the ballpark of 74-77 lbs in 1963, and the average 15-year-old in 1966 weighed around 124-136 lbs. During the sixties, the most prominent model in fashion, Twiggy (Lesley Hornby), weighed 81 lbs and stood tall at 5'6". Twiggy, with her unique look, androgynous and doe-eyed, brought in a new sort of standard for beauty, not only in England, but America and across the globe. Curves started to take a backseat in the fashion industry, the pressure on models to be ever thinner increased through the sixties.

By the '60s, the American Medical Association had passed a resolution to "support physical education and health, encourage effective instruction in physical education, and support sports and games as important leisure time skills to relieve tension and help alleviate effects of a sedentary life." [5] President John F. Kennedy also weighed in on the fitness in America topic in an article titled "The Soft American" in //Sports Illustrated.//[5] Legendary Oklahoma football coach Bud Wilkinson was appointed to head the President’s Council on Youth Fitness. All of this played a role in the increased pressure to put more of a focus on fitness in school physical education programs. In February of 1961, AAHPER gained additional support from President John F. Kennedy when he gave his "Special Message on Education." In which, he offered the proposal that Congress amend the National Defense Education Act to include health and physical education. [15] With this extra help, AAHPER had hoped to really make the push needed to get America healthier and more fit.

The sixties were a time of great advancements in technology, household technology specifically. With the average family gaining access to appliances such as the dishwasher, the washing machine, the stove, the refrigerator, and the vacuum cleaner. Every new appliance for the home was made with the intent to make housekeeping more efficient and less back-breaking. The most noticeable decline was in the time spent on chores: between 1925 and 1968, the time used for preparation of meals and cleanup went from 2.93 to 2.02 hours a day with the overall time for chores going from 7.35 hours in 1925 to 6.31 in 1968. [17] Television was also becoming more popular with the general population, which in the long run will definitely have the opposite effect on people than did their appliance counterparts.

1970s
Just before the new decade of the '70s, a man by the name of Linus Pauling, a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, had created the term Orthomolecular Nutrition. The literal meaning being "pertaining to the right molecule." The creation of this term was based off of his proposal that if you give the body the right molecules and the right amount of said molecules, optimum nutrition, the nutrients could be used to achieve better health and prolong life. His studies, with colleagues, spanned the 1970s and the 1980s. One of his main suggestions was the idea that very large doses of vitamin C given intravenously could possibly be helpful in "increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients." [] His studies were the beginning of people truly understanding how vitamins could improve the quality of life.

Of all the children in the U.S. in 1971, only 4 percent of those aged 6-11 were obese. Those aged 2-5, 5 percent obese, and those in the 12-19 yr. old bracket were 6.1 percent obese.

The seventies were the real beginning of fast food merchandizing. McDonald's was only getting bigger, with a one thousand stores and growing each year, as well as Burger King had just launched its "Have it Your Way" slogan. In 1970, Americans had spent around six billion dollars on fast food, and with the increasing number of mothers and wives working outside the home, the amount of money only rises for fast food corporations. Seeing as the wife or mother that works outside the home isn't home to take care of the child, clean, or cook, there's an increase in demand for these services. [18] Eating out is becoming more and more of a routine for American families, and more of a 'necessity' for busier families. Out of the total spending of Americans on their food, 34 percent of that was on fast food. Along with the amount of food eaten outside the home, mainly fast food, was at 18% in 1977-78 and rising. [19] The end of the decade brought with it the sale of the first McDonald's Happy Meal. This smaller portioned meal was aimed directly at young children, with the inclusion of a toy in each one. At their start, the Happy Meal was circus-wagon themed, with the hamburger or cheeseburger option and french fries, cookies, and a soft drink with a calorie count upwards of 500 calories not including the soft drink. [20]

Unhealthy ingredients were not only in the fast food industry, but in the market as well. The use of the cheap high-fructose corn syrup increased rapidly in any processed foods, yogurt, soft drinks, and salad dressing. This low-cost artificial sweetener which, ironically, comes from healthy corn gained much popularity in the fast food business during the '60s and the '70s. Starting in the seventies, since the Government had started paying farmers to grow more corn, the production of corn went up 40 percent and the price of corn dropped significantly because of the flooded market. The supermarkets were suddenly filled with corn-based, high-calorie processed food products that were cheaper than fresh fruits and vegetables but with considerably less nutritional value. [21] "To eat well in this country costs more than to eat badly." - Michael Pollan, Author.

With the new discovery of cheaper ingredients, some used the extra money they saved to buy the newest electronics. Technology in the home was no longer simply appliances for the housewife, but for recreational activities as well. The first video games were popping up and for the hobbyist, you could fiddle with a personal computer. The earliest of which being the Apple II, and the best selling being the Atari 400 Home Computer System. The Atari system would cost you a whopping $594.95, a notable dent in the average $20,000/year salary, but still sold considerably well. In order to use it, you would've also had to own a television. Atari paved the way for the first video game with the Atari 400. At this point in time, the mass produced technology aimed at children was still very active-based. Children didn't sit around much in their free time.

Relatively speaking, people in the seventies were still eating pretty healthily. The percentage of people/families eating out during the week was less than those having home-cooked meals. Though people were still eating at home, that was no guarantee that they were eating healthy. The prevalence of home "TV" dinners was increasing, along with other microwavable quick dishes. Not to mention the growing popularity of High-Fructose Corn Syrup with Food producers. The kids may not be eating pure sugar yet, but they were getting closer every year.

1980s
In 1984, 7-Eleven, an international convenience store chain, introduced it's Super Big Gulp. The fountain drink cup held a whopping 44 oz. of soda, compare that to the size of a 7 oz. soft drink back when McDonald's opened. See the difference? The amounts of sugar, High-Fructose Corn Syrup most likely, that must be held within a cup that big must be obvious. The Super Big Gulp paved the way for cheap, over-sized, unhealthy drinks and food with the 'convenient' label stamped on the side.The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) showed an increase of calorie intake in the average American's daily diet of between 100 and 300 calories a day since NHANES II (1976 to 1980). NHANES III contains data from between the years 1988 and 1944. [23] The increase in calorie consumption isn't helped by the fact that most food produced in America, as the years go on, is less and less healthy. The less healthy food is not only lacking in nutritional substance, which causes empty calories, but is also more appealing to those on a budget. Eating healthy is more expensive than not, those who cannot afford the healthier foods are forced to choose the sugary sodas and fatty snacks.

In the early 1980's less than 10% of Americans were obese. Obesity began to grow in the United States during the later part of the 1980's. Ten percent of the population was beginning to become obese, and more and more people were beginning to stay that way. Heart disease was beginning to rise, and the Center for Disease Control began to study rates of obesity in children. As the end of the 19th century approached, more and more states were beginning to see a rise in moderate obesity in adults and children. The trend began to become more serious. During the next two years, the obesity state rates remained constant. In other words, those who were obese tended to remain that way; however the CDC was becoming more alarmed as childhood obesity rates began to increase. [8]

In reaction to the large number of children coming into the school system without a very good knowledge of what is healthy as well as just not keeping active, Congress makes a push to get daily physical education programs in all grades in 1987. There wasn't a quick visible change, if any, in the physical fitness of children and adolescents within the few years left in the decade. With the rates of overweight children and adolescents starting to climb sharply after years of relative stability, the implementing of the physical education courses in schools hadn't seemed to do much. The hope had been that children will be equipped with healthy eating habits and ideas for being active at home, and continue to lead a healthy lifestyle throughout their lives. There had been several different new approaches to the fitness problem, one of which was the Social and Personal Responsibility model. This model was once just used in dealing with troubled youth, but now was being mainstreamed in both elementary and secondary physical education courses. The main idea being that putting children and adolescents into an activity environment that helps them learn how to control themselves, be responsible for their own actions, and be supportive of others. Physical Education courses were also sort of lacking in the 'fun' department during this time, although there were attempts to make fitness fun for kids.

Kids were becoming more and more interested in the static activities that technology was bringing to the table. Video games were making their way into popular culture, led by the introduction of the Space Invaders and Pac-man arcade games. The plus of the arcade games was simply that people would have to leave the house and pay per game, making it less of a 'lazy game.' Personal Computers were, however, becoming an integral part of the average American's life with the release of IBM's PC. PCs were no longer simply a hobbyist toy, as the 'bulletin boards' feature was evolving into what we now know as the Internet and the beginnings of the World Wide Web. Along with the clunky new Internet, the very first mobile phones had just hit the scene. The very first cell phones were big and heavy, as well as having poor signal strength, nothing like what we know now. Without a doubt, the 1980s were the start of the Computer age. As well as the start of a decline in America's overall health. [25]

1990s
With the exciting new frontier of technology, Americans were sort of slipping into the mindset that the new technology would be the universal answer. Americans were becoming lazier. In an attempt to make Americans healthier from the get-go, the Center for Science called for less use of trans fats in 1992. The hope being that the products would be healthier even if Americans weren't paying attention. The average American was dining out 25 percent of the time by now, and with the average cheeseburger now tipping the scales at 533 calories, it wasn't just water weight that most people were putting on. With fast food serving portions getting bigger, no one was really paying attention to how much harm they were doing their bodies. By 1991, the average adult's soda intake surpassed their milk intake, causing low calcium levels. [22] Even meals in the home were becoming unhealthy, and for those who just didn't want to do all the work of a traditional meal, good news. The majority of 'home-cooked' meals were now prepackaged, processed, prewashed, precooked, and presliced. With the end of 1998, white potatoes, iceburg lettuce, and canned tomatoes made up half of the average American's vegetable servings.

School lunches are becoming a focus. By making lunches healthier for young children, the hope is that they'll have less unhealthy food in their diet. In 1994, new federal regulations were issued to limit the fat in school lunches. To further help children get familiar with a healthy lifestyle, physical education courses were now being used to put an emphasis on lifetime fitness. With the focus on fitness and things that will they can use through their life, not only during the time that they're taking the class, the hope is that the children will take the skills and knowledge and use what they learned throughout their lives. This would certainly be a better solution than a short-term quick-fix like dieting.

Near the middle of 1999, 65 million households have cable TV. The cable networks, up twice as many as only a decade ago, total 171. With cable, there was no shortage of excuses not to be active. It was easy to just sit on the couch for hours on end, watching show after show after show. And with so many channels to choose from, why would anyone need to do anything else? In a 1993 survey of 87,000 adults by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), showed that 58.1 percent of Americans engaged in little or no physical activity. This lack of exercise, coupled with increased food intake, contributes to many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and diabetes. With the empire built by Bill Gates, the computer was no longer a complicated piece of technology. Early internet fees were calculated by the minute, and everyone wanted to be connected to the world wide web. The abundance of web sites and possibilities made it hard to peel themselves away.

2000-Present
media type="youtube" key="SIOiPIU2u3U" height="219" width="392" align="right" For teens, weight gain started in the 1990’s. For young adults, the researchers stay a trend for higher body mass index (BMI) was seen beginning in the 2000’s. By 2000, body mass index increased among 18 years olds increased to about 24.5. BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight and 30 and above constitutes obesity. In a study published by the "European Journal of Pediatrics" In 2000, childhood obesity leads to increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Early medical problems include orthopedic complications, metabolic disturbances; type 2 diabetes, altered sleep patterns, reduced immune function, skin problems, i mpaired mobility and increased blood pressure and hypertension. Child obesity also can result in low self-esteem and alienation. In reaction, the Federal Government had set a goal of cutting childhood obesity from 13.9 percent to 5 percent by 2010. From 1999 to 2004, the prevalence of children who were overweight increased significantly, according to a 2006 study published by Cynthia L. Ogden and colleagues in the "Journal of the American Medical Association." From 1999 to 2000, 13.8 percent of female and 14 percent of male children and adolescents were overweight. From 2003 to 2004, the numbers jumped to 16 percent and 18.2 percent, respectively. In total, 17.1 percent of U.S. children and adolescents were overweight from 2003 to 2004. Obesity alone was affecting 10 percent of schoolchildren from 1999 to 2000, and more than 13 percent from 2003 to 2004, according to a 2007 study published by Tim Lobstein and Rachel Jackson-Leach in the "International Journal of Pediatric Obesity."

A 'Husky' car seat hit the market for young children up to 80 lbs. in 2002. And in 2004, there was a documentary done showing how unhealthy McDonald's food was. A man ate only McDonald's for a month straight. After the month, he had gained 24 and a half pounds, had mood swings, and had a cholesterol level of 230. It took him fourteen months to lose the weight. In an attempt to help kids eat healthier, Cookie Monster from Sesame Street stopped eating a ton of cookies and now sings about how cookies are "a sometimes food."

In 2001, the U.S. surgeon General issued a "Cal l to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity" to try and help shrink Americans down to a healthy size. The 2000s were the first 'wake up call' regarding the weight and health problem. People were becoming more and more aware of what they were eating; whether they took that into consideration when they ate, that's another question. See, by now, Americans had fallen into a comfortable little nook. They, in general, are too lazy to bother worrying about how many calories they take in during a day. Exercising? Nope.

In the United States, two out of three adults and one out of three children are either overweight or obese. Normal-weight Americans have become the minority. [1] So how do media type="youtube" key="AY5AILaXDdA" height="315" width="420" align="right"they stay thin while all Americans are always surrounded by a 24-hour, all you can eat buffet? It could be will power, genes, metabolism, or even their environment or just the way they were raised. While obesity may be great for certain businesses--weight-loss franchises, the diet-book industry, and makers of exercise equipment, to name a few--it increases the risk of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Also, it can undermine self-esteem and social and business success. The U.S. has become a hothouse for obesity. While diet books, weight-loss counseling, and other approaches might help some people lose weight (at least temporarily), the real challenge is to adopt a lifestyle that helps us maintain a normal weight throughout our lives. People who are serious about preventing obesity have many options to do this. Serious efforts to prevent obesity would involve getting people out of cars and on to bike paths and sidewalks. Having daily physical education in every school and encouraging couch potatoes to become bikers, hikers, and joggers would also be a transition in the right direction. Nutritionists would encourage people to cut calories by eating more fruits and vegetables and fewer burgers, fries, pizzas, sweets, and junk foods. Restaurants would offer cheaper half portions, and menus would list calories for standard meals. [2]

In 2010, no state had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Thirty-six states had a prevalence of 25% or more; 12 of these states (Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia) had a prevalence of 30% or more. Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese. Adult obesity rates increased in 16 states in the past year and did not decline in any state, according to //F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America //'//s Future 2011, //a report from the Trust for America's Health (TFAH) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF).

[2] Zabell, Martin. "Normal Weight According to Height." //Livestrong//. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.

[4] Wood, T.D., & Cassidy, R.F. (1927). //The new physical education//. New York: Macmillan.

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.6667px;">[5] Ennis, Catherine D. "Curriculum: Forming and Reshaping the Vision of Physical Education in a High Need, Low Demand World of Schools." //NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship//. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.

[6] //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A Cookbook for Girls and Boys //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">, Irma S. Rombauer [Bobbs-Merrill:Indianapolis] 1952 (p. 223-228)

[7] United States. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "Message from Donna E. Shalala." //Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General Executive Summary//. Pennsylvania: n.p., 1996. Print.

[8] Siedentop, Daryl. "Chapter 2: The Heritage of Physical Education, Sport and Fitness in the United States ." //Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport, 7th Edition//. N.p.: McGraw-Hill Company, 2009. N. pag. Print

[9]Mitchell, Murray. "Physcial Education - Overview, Preparation of Teachers." Letter to U.S. Universities. 1 Aug. 1998. //State University//. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[10] Cowell, C.C., & Hazelton, H.W. (1955). Curriculum designs in physical education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

[15] Landwer, Jerry E. "A Call to Arms: AAHPERD on the Move." Letter to AAHPERD Members. Sept.-Oct. 2005. //Microsoft Word// file.

[11] Harman, Denham, Dr. "The Free-Radical Theory of Aging: Part I - How it All Began." Interview by Richard A. Passwater. //Healthy.net//. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[19] Stewart, Hayden, Nel Blisard, and Dean Jolliffe. //Le's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and Nutrition//. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 1-2. //U.S. Department of Agriculture//. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[18] Schlosser, Eric. Introduction. //Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal//. By Schlosser. N.p.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. N. pag. //New York Times Online//. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[20] Webley, Kayla. "0,8599,1986073,00." //Time U.S.// N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[21] Active Voice, et al. "Food, Inc. Ingredients for Change." Rev. of //Food, Inc. Active Voice//. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[25] The People History. "Popular Culture, Prices, Events, Technology, and Inventions." //The People History//. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.

[22] "American Dietary Trends." //FAQs//. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.

[12] Clark, Ed, Time & Life Pictures, and Getty Images. //LIFE Magazine//. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[17] Cardia, Emanuela. "The Diffusion of Household Technologies." //Household Technology: Was it the Engine of Liberation?// 8. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2011.

[13] //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Food Chronology //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">, James L. Trager,

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">//[14] The Century in Food//, Beverly Bundy

Sickels, Robert. //The 1940s//. N.p.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. //Google Books//. Web. 21 Dec. 2011.